Under what circumstances can Congress limit the executive branch's powers over military action?

Congress can limit the executive branch's powers over military action primarily through the passage of specific legislation. The U.S. Constitution bestows Congress the power to declare war and regulate the armed forces, establishing a system of checks and balances between the legislative and executive branches.

When Congress enacts specific legislation regarding military action, it can define the scope, duration, and conditions under which the President may engage in military operations. This legislative authority allows Congress to impose restrictions and outline the circumstances under which military force may be used. For example, the War Powers Resolution of 1973 was enacted to ensure that the President consults with Congress before engaging in hostilities and to set time limits on military action without Congressional approval.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately reflect the constitutional framework or the legal processes in place. Limiting the executive's military powers is not confined to peacetime, nor can it be appropriately dictated by conflicts with state interests or based on the President's status regarding investigations. The interaction between Congress and the President concerning military actions is formalized through legislation rather than conditional circumstances.